Yes, in an earth bottom pond, water lilies can take over up to a depth of about 5 feet or maybe more. Most water lilies like to be in water less than 3 feet deep though so I doubt the entire pond would become covered. Muskrats will eat some water lilies. I have a book on beavers where one group of them lived on nothing but water lily rhizomes. There are so many kinds of aquatic plants! My plant lists are at
http://www.fishpondinfo.com/hardy.htm and list preferred planting depths of many marginals. Some plants grow faster than others. It really depends on what you had in mind for the plants - filtration, food for certain animals, pretty color flowers, nice foliage, tall or short, etc. I suggest sticking with native plants.