Here's what Wikipedia says:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbonIf you had actual carbon (no other chemicals), you could certainly put that in the filter but it wouldn't do nearly as much as the activated carbon that has a lot more surface area. The carbon is superheated. I doubt you have an oven that hot!
Charcoal and carbon are often used interchangeably. I don't know what briskets are made of, if they're just carbon or what.
There are some places that sell activated carbon cheaper than others. I order mine from
http://www.thatpetplace.com for half the price of the local pet store.