There are many species of algae. There are some slimy green ones that will grow on hoses. Your pond is a bit shallow which tends to make the algae grow more as the pond is warmer, and the sun doesn't have to go down as far.
Your pond is about 300 gallons. I run a 700 gph pump on my 153 gallon pond, and it's often barely enough. I suggest having at least a 700 gph pump on your pond going through a filter. The mechanical part of pond filters should be cleaned about once a week. If the filtration is not adequate, you may see the flow slow down before then.
Raccoons love to rearrange ponds. They un-potted many of my pots. If you can then repot the plants, they should recover although repeated un-pottings will do them in. If you still have those plants, I would try to rescue them. Pond plants are too expensive to toss if they're alive. Raccoons will have more "fun" in shallow ponds like yours. They don't swim too well in deeper ponds.
A little bit of dirt in the pond is no big deal.
For more on natural methods of algae control, see
http://www.fishpondnfo.com/plants/algae2.htmIf you have green stuff, it's probably algae.
You can try adding floating plants like water hyacinth (a tropical) to the pond for faster surface coverage. The raccoons may dump some on land but just toss them back in the morning. At least those don't need to be repotted.
If you plan to later add goldfish, I wouldn't add mosquito fish. They can be nippy and often bite goldfish. They are also good at eating fish and amphibian eggs and fry. If you need to wait to add goldfish, you can add some Bt bacteria in the mean time to control mosquitoes (see
http://www.fishpondinfo.com/mosquito.htm )
Good luck!